Doctor talking with female patient.
Doctor talking with female patient.
Doctor talking with female patient.

Neurofibromatosis

What You Need to Know

  • 神经纤维瘤病(NF)是一个术语,描述了三种由基因突变引起的遗传疾病,导致患肿瘤的风险增加. 
  • 不同类型的神经纤维瘤病会导致身体不同部位生长不同的肿瘤(神经纤维瘤和神经鞘瘤).
  • Doctors diagnose NF based on the patient’s family history, imaging studies, certain signs and symptoms, and sometimes genetic testing.
  • 治疗方法可以控制神经纤维瘤病的症状,但无法治愈.  

What is neurofibromatosis?

神经纤维瘤病是一种导致全身肿瘤形成的遗传性疾病. 它是进行性的,是美国最常见的遗传性疾病之一. Although neurofibromatosis is not a cancer, 某些形式的NF可能与某些恶性肿瘤有关. 神经纤维瘤和神经鞘瘤是由神经纤维瘤病引起的两种常见的肿瘤类型.

Types and Symptoms of Neurofibromatosis

Neurofibromatosis encompasses three distinct disorders: neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and schwannomatosis. 每一种类型的特点是肿瘤沿周围神经, and symptoms that are different for each disorder.

  • Neurofibromas最常见于NF1患者,表现为皮肤上或皮肤下的多个橡胶状肿块. 它们可能会疼痛或发痒,但许多不会引起任何其他症状.
  • Vestibular schwannomas are most common in patients with NF2. 这些肿瘤影响内耳神经,破坏听力和平衡.
  • Schwannomatosis is associated with painful tumors called schwannomas that can cause pain, tingling and weakness.

Other signs of NF include:

  • 李氏结节,是出现在虹膜(眼睛的有色部分)上的小肿块。. 它们在NF1患者中很常见,眼科医生可能会在眼科检查中发现它们.
  • 腋下或皮肤褶皱处的雀斑
  • 6个或更多的咖啡色斑点,即皮肤上的棕褐色斑点

NF1 Versus NF2

NF1和NF2都是影响神经组织的遗传疾病, but NF1 and NF2 have different symptoms. NF1, far more common than NF2, 它的特征是皮肤上的棕色咖啡色斑点和神经纤维瘤. NF1也会导致骨骼畸形,并有其他几种表现. NF2的异常神经生长更常影响颅骨和脊柱内的神经, and common symptoms include problems regarding hearing, balance and control of facial muscles.

Neurofibromatosis in Children

1型神经纤维瘤病的症状可能在出生后不久就会出现, and some signs, such as cafe au lait spots, can be present at birth. 神经纤维瘤最常见于10至15岁的儿童.

NF2和神经鞘瘤病的症状和体征在儿童中很少见,通常出现在20多岁或30多岁的人群中.

患有NF的孩子的父母应该咨询专家,并帮助监控孩子的头痛情况, painful tumors, bone changes affecting their legs or spine, and issues regarding development and puberty. Some neurofibromas can become cancerous.

神经纤维瘤病是无法治愈的,但大多数患有这种病的儿童都过着充实正常的生活. 

Neurofibromatosis Diagnosis

神经纤维瘤病通常通过医生对患者的检查和基因检测来诊断.

在仔细的病史和检查后,医生可能会要求进行一些检查,包括以下内容.

  • MRI
  • Electromyography (EMG)/神经传导研究(NCS),测量神经中的电通路.
  • A biopsy, 因此病理学家可以通过在显微镜下观察肿瘤的一部分来诊断神经纤维瘤或神经鞘瘤

Neurofibromatosis Treatment

Mild cases of NF1, NF2 and schwannomatosis do not cause severe problems, 受影响的人除了观察、定期检查和症状管理外,可能不需要任何治疗. 患有神经纤维瘤病的儿童应由医生监护, who can help detect complications such as hearing problems, bone deformities and changes to skin lesions.

神经纤维瘤病引起的肿瘤和骨改变可通过手术和非手术方法治疗. Care should be coordinated by a genetics expert, and may involve neurologists, orthopaedic surgeons and other specialists. 

Currently, there is no approved medication to treat neurofibromatosis, but researchers are exploring potential therapies, 包括MEK抑制剂——一种阻断与异常细胞生长相关的蛋白质的药物.

Surgery for Neurofibromatosis

如果神经鞘瘤或神经纤维瘤引起明显的疼痛或神经功能丧失, 压缩附近的结构或在成像上显示快速增长, 医生可能会建议通过手术和/或放疗来切除.

Depending on the tumor’s location and size, and its involvement with the nerve, 切除可能是具有挑战性的,需要有经验的外科医生专门从事神经肿瘤的技术. A team approach is recommended, 神经外科医生和整形外科医生以及其他专家一起工作. 很可能会留下疤痕,肿瘤也有可能复发.

NF Care at Johns Hopkins

Smiling patient is evaluated by Dr. Blakeley.

约翰霍普金斯综合神经纤维瘤病中心是世界上为数不多的帮助NF1患者的专业中心之一, NF2 and schwannomatosis. 我们的多专业团队采用最新的治疗方法,旨在解决NF生活的各个方面.

Neurofibromatosis and Cancer

NF is not a form of cancer. Neurofibromas are tumors (abnormal growths), 但通常是良性的(不太可能扩散到身体的其他部位).

However, 某些类型的神经纤维瘤可发生癌变, 尤其是网状神经纤维瘤,它可以转变成肉瘤(软组织肿瘤)。. 恶性周围神经鞘瘤是一种罕见的肉瘤。, which is very serious and can be life threatening.

患有NF1的人,尤其是儿童,患a的风险高于平均水平 glioma — a nervous system tumor. 神经胶质瘤最可能出现在4岁和5岁的NF患儿身上. In most cases, these tumors are low grade and manageable.

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