Your body regularly replaces the components of your bones. 当这些组件丢失得太快或补充得不够快时(或两者兼而有之), osteoporosis occurs. Osteoporosis affects more than 10 million Americans. 虽然女性患此病的风险更高，但男性也可能患上此病. Studies suggest that among those 50 and older:

• 多达1 / 2的女性会因骨质疏松而骨折，这与患乳腺癌的风险相当, ovarian and uterine cancer combined.

• 多达四分之一的男性会因骨质疏松而骨折，其风险比前列腺癌还要高.

Fortunately, osteoporosis is preventable. 当它真的发生时，你的医生可以在它导致骨折之前进行诊断和治疗. 即使在骨折后，通过正确的步骤也可以避免进一步的问题.

What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?

骨质疏松症通常被称为无声疾病，因为它可能不会引起症状. Some patients experience:

• 骨折(主要是臀部、脊柱或手腕)，即使是轻微的跌倒或颠簸

• 椎骨塌陷——导致剧烈疼痛、身高下降或脊柱畸形

这些症状也可能来自其他骨骼疾病或医学问题. Always consult your doctor for a diagnosis.

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?

有几个因素似乎会增加患这种疾病的风险:

• Age. Risk increases after 50

• Gender. Women are 4 times more likely to develop osteoporosis

• Race. 这种疾病可以影响任何人，但白人和亚洲女性的风险最大.

• Menopause. Estrogen deficiency causes bone loss

• Family history of osteoporosis or fractures

• Low body weight, or being small and thin

• Not getting enough calcium or vitamin D

• 没有吃足够的水果和蔬菜来获取其他营养素(镁、钾、维生素C和K)

• Not getting enough protein

• Consuming too much alcohol, sodium or caffeine

• Having an inactive lifestyle

• Smoking

Certain medications (prednisone, e.g.)和疾病也会导致骨质流失，增加患骨质疏松症的风险.

How is osteoporosis prevented?

为了保护骨骼，所有年龄段的男性和女性都应该确保:

• Consuming adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D

• 遵循国家关于蛋白质，水果和蔬菜摄入量的营养指南.

• Increasing weight-bearing activity

• Limiting alcohol intake to moderate use or less

• Stopping smoking if you smoke

如果你是一位已经过更年期的女性或一位50岁以上的男性, 你的医生应该遵循国家骨质疏松基金会的指导方针，并且:

• Talk to you about your risk of osteoporosis and related fractures

• 建议多吃水果和蔬菜，包括足够的维生素D和钙, with supplements prescribed as necessary

• Recommend regular weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercises

• Assess fall risk and offer appropriate preventions

• Ask whether you smoke and how much alcohol you drink

• Measure your height each year

Osteoporosis Diagnosis

A bone density test (也称为骨密度测量或DXA)需要一个特殊的x光机，是医生确定你是否患有骨质疏松症的唯一方法. Such scans are recommended for:

• All women 65 and older

• All men 70 and older

• Certain postmenopausal women, depending on risk factors

• Certain men ages 50-69, depending on risk factors

• 某些骨折的推荐十大正规网赌平台，这取决于他们的背景

• 服用药物或患有影响骨密度的疾病的人

骨密度测试也可以识别骨质减少患者-骨量减少，但尚未达到骨质疏松症的水平. Ask your doctor if you should get tested.

Other tools and tests include:

• FRAX score. 结合你的骨密度测试和其他因素来估计你在未来10年内骨折的风险

• Personal and family medical history

• Physical examination

• Additional scans with other machines

• Blood and urine tests

Osteoporosis Treatment

Early treatment of osteoporosis and osteopenia can ease pain, limit or halt bone loss, and prevent fractures. 适当的治疗也可以帮助骨折患者避免再次受伤. Our doctors recommend treatments based on:

• Your age, overall health and medical history

• Your gender

• The extent of the disease and your anticipated rate of bone loss

• Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures or therapies

• Your opinion or preference

Many osteoporosis treatment tools are similar to prevention methods, such as recommending changes to diet and lifestyle.

The FDA has also approved a number of injections, IV infusions, tablets, 鼻喷雾剂和贴片——在随机研究中都显示可以减少骨折. Make sure to discuss possible side effects with your doctor.

Parathyroid Hormone

副作用:血液和尿液中的钙含量可能增加，注射部位的反应如瘙痒和发红.

Drug: Teriparatide (a form of parathyroid hormone)
用途:治疗绝经后骨折高危人群
Form: Daily injection administered by the patient at home

Estrogen

Side effects: Risks vs. benefits should be discussed with a doctor. Typically used for a short period of time earlier in menopause, due to long-term risks of breast cancer and blood clots.

Drugs: Estrogen Therapy (ET) and Hormone Therapy (HT)
用途:增加脊柱和髋关节的骨密度，减少这两个部位的骨折. Typically used for prevention in postmenopausal women.
Form: Commonly available as tablets or skin patches

Bisphosphonates

副作用:口服双膦酸盐会引起上胃问题，如胃灼热. 患者在静脉注射第一剂双膦酸盐后可出现流感样症状. With all bisphosphonates, 有罕见的副作用:牙病治疗后难以愈合，如根管治疗或涉及颌骨的种植(大约50分之一),000 patients), and stress fractures after long term, continuous use (approximately 1 in 75,000 patients). Most doctors will prescribe these medications for 5-8 years, 然后考虑让他们的推荐十大正规网赌平台停止治疗，因为即使停止服药，骨折的风险仍然很低. After stopping the medication, 每年的骨密度和血液检查可以帮助确定何时以及是否需要更多的药物治疗.

Drug: Alendronate Sodium
用途:预防和治疗绝经后妇女骨质疏松症，治疗男性骨质疏松症, while reducing the risk of spine, hip and other broken bones
Form: Weekly pill

Drug: Risedronate Sodium
用途:预防和治疗绝经后妇女骨质疏松症，治疗男性骨质疏松症, while reducing the risk of spine and hip fractures
Form: Weekly or monthly pill

Drug: Ibandronate Sodium
用途:预防和治疗绝经后妇女骨质疏松症，降低脊柱骨折的风险
Form: Monthly pill or IV infusion every 3 months

Drug: Zoledronic Acid
Use: Prevents and treats osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, 治疗男性疾病，防止骨密度低的骨折患者出现更多骨折. 它可以降低髋部、脊柱以及手腕和手臂等其他部位骨折的风险.
Form: Annual IV infusion

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

副作用:可能会出现潮热和血液凝块的风险增加

Drug: Raloxifene
用途:预防和治疗绝经后妇女骨质疏松症，同时降低脊柱骨折的风险
Form: Daily pill

Calcitonin

副作用:大约6%的患者会有轻微的鼻子刺激. FDA在2013年审查了这种药物，因为它可能会使皮肤癌增加1%. The agency determined it should remain available, but you should discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.

Drug: Calcitonin-Salmon
用途:治疗绝经后至少5年的女性骨质疏松症，降低脊柱骨折的风险.
Form: Nasal spray or injection

RANK-Ligand Inhibitor

副作用:可能的皮肤变化，如皮疹和湿疹，感染的风险略有增加

Drug: Denosumab
Use: It reduces the risk of broken bones in the spine, 髋部和其他部位适合高危男性和绝经后骨质疏松的女性. 它还可以防止一些乳腺癌和前列腺癌治疗期间的骨质流失.
Form: Injected by a doctor every six months